How long does a battery charge last?

If the car battery is damaged in some way and it can’t hold electricity, every charging will be short, especially in low or cold temperatures.
the charge will last only maybe one cranking and it’s finished.
In some cases, it may last a few crankings or even longer in warmer temperatures.
When the battery is good but discharged (like the headlights were left on, the radio perhaps, etc) the charge may last a long time. If the discharge wasn’t severe the charging will probably return the battery to its original state and you won’t have any problems.